Appendices
Introduction
1.1 Updating the possible pathways
1.2 Objectives of this Outlook
1.3 Prospective scenarios to net-zero
1.4 Recent developments in Canada’s energy sector
1.5 Limitations of and omissions from this Outlook
1.6 Overview of the report
1.7 References
Energy production, transformation and trade
2.1 General characteristics
2.2 Fossil fuels
2.3 Uranium
2.4 Oil products
2.5 Electricity generation
2.6 Biomass
2.7 Energy trade
2.8 Variation across provinces
2.9 Takeaways
2.10 References
Energy use across Canada
3.1 Supply and consumption
3.2 Variation across provinces
3.3 Energy productivity
3.4 Takeaways
3.5 References
Energy and the economy in Canada
4.1 GDP, exports and employment
4.2 Research, development and demonstration (RD&D)
4.3 Household spending on energy services
4.4 Takeaways
4.5 References
Policy focus: accelerating the deployment of GHG reduction strategies
5.1 GHG emissions in Canada
5.2 Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
5.3 General overview of policies: targets and objectives
5.4 Federal policies
5.5 Policies in the highest GHG-emitting provinces
5.6 Policy overview in other provinces and in territories
5.7 Takeaways
5.8 References
The evolution of energy consumption toward net-zero futures
6.1 Energy demand by source
6.2 Energy demand by sector
6.3 Heating
6.4 Takeaways
Transforming energy production in net-zero pathways
7.1 Primary energy production
7.2 Local consumption and export markets
7.3 Electricity generation and installed capacity
7.4 Biomass
7.5 Takeaways
Evolution of GHG emissions in net-zero scenarios
8.1 What does net-zero look like?
8.2 Emissions by sector
8.3 The cost of reducing emissions
8.4 Takeaways
Key technological pathways to net-zero
9.1 The electrification of energy services
9.2 Bioenergy
9.3 Hydrogen
9.4 Carbon capture
9.5 Takeaways
Provincial overview
10.1 British Columbia
10.2 Alberta
10.3 Saskatchewan
10.4 Manitoba
10.5 Ontario
10.6 Quebec
10.7 New Brunswick
10.8 Nova Scotia
10.9 Prince Edward Island
10.10 Newfoundland and Labrador
10.11 Yukon
10.12 Northwest Territories
10.13 Nunavut
10.14 Takeaways
Reaching carbon neutrality—technological paths in other net-zero reports
11.1 Net-zero reports around the world
11.2 Technological pathways by sector
11.3 Energy production
11.4 Overarching net-zero technological challenges
11.5 Specific Canadian features highlighted in this Outlook
11.6 Takeaways
11.7 References
Using carbon capture in the right place—the potential role of CCS in energy production
12.1 Capture, storage and utilization: an overview
12.2 CCS and CCU today
12.3 Towards Net-Zero
12.4 Energy requirements for fossil-fuel based electricity production
12.5 Takeaways: where is CCS best used?
12.6 References
Special focus on industry—transformation through technological innovation
13.1 Technology-based strategies
13.2 Cement
13.3 Pulp and paper
13.4 Chemicals
13.5 Heat demand
13.6 Takeaways
Assessing the costs of energy transition through electrification
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Costs of electrifying Canada’s primary energy supply
14.3 Investments to reach carbon-neutrality
14.4 Macroeconomic aspects of an energy transition
14.5 Conclusions
14.6 References
Conclusion—the challenges of transforming Canada’s energy system toward net-zero
15.1 The potential to reach net-zero by 2050
15.2 Learnings from modelling Canada’s transformation
15.3 Reconciling discourse and reality: a shared responsibility
15.4 References
Appendices
A. Main modelling hypotheses
B. Additional policy detail
C. Oil and gas alternative scenarios
D. Methodology used to assess the costs of energy transition through electrification
Menu
Introduction
1.1 Updating the possible pathways
1.2 Objectives of this Outlook
1.3 Prospective scenarios to net-zero
1.4 Recent developments in Canada’s energy sector
1.5 Limitations of and omissions from this Outlook
1.6 Overview of the report
1.7 References
Energy production, transformation and trade
2.1 General characteristics
2.2 Fossil fuels
2.3 Uranium
2.4 Oil products
2.5 Electricity generation
2.6 Biomass
2.7 Energy trade
2.8 Variation across provinces
2.9 Takeaways
2.10 References
Energy use across Canada
3.1 Supply and consumption
3.2 Variation across provinces
3.3 Energy productivity
3.4 Takeaways
3.5 References
Energy and the economy in Canada
4.1 GDP, exports and employment
4.2 Research, development and demonstration (RD&D)
4.3 Household spending on energy services
4.4 Takeaways
4.5 References
Policy focus: accelerating the deployment of GHG reduction strategies
5.1 GHG emissions in Canada
5.2 Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
5.3 General overview of policies: targets and objectives
5.4 Federal policies
5.5 Policies in the highest GHG-emitting provinces
5.6 Policy overview in other provinces and in territories
5.7 Takeaways
5.8 References
The evolution of energy consumption toward net-zero futures
6.1 Energy demand by source
6.2 Energy demand by sector
6.3 Heating
6.4 Takeaways
Transforming energy production in net-zero pathways
7.1 Primary energy production
7.2 Local consumption and export markets
7.3 Electricity generation and installed capacity
7.4 Biomass
7.5 Takeaways
Evolution of GHG emissions in net-zero scenarios
8.1 What does net-zero look like?
8.2 Emissions by sector
8.3 The cost of reducing emissions
8.4 Takeaways
Key technological pathways to net-zero
9.1 The electrification of energy services
9.2 Bioenergy
9.3 Hydrogen
9.4 Carbon capture
9.5 Takeaways
Provincial overview
10.1 British Columbia
10.2 Alberta
10.3 Saskatchewan
10.4 Manitoba
10.5 Ontario
10.6 Quebec
10.7 New Brunswick
10.8 Nova Scotia
10.9 Prince Edward Island
10.10 Newfoundland and Labrador
10.11 Yukon
10.12 Northwest Territories
10.13 Nunavut
10.14 Takeaways
Reaching carbon neutrality—technological paths in other net-zero reports
11.1 Net-zero reports around the world
11.2 Technological pathways by sector
11.3 Energy production
11.4 Overarching net-zero technological challenges
11.5 Specific Canadian features highlighted in this Outlook
11.6 Takeaways
11.7 References
Using carbon capture in the right place—the potential role of CCS in energy production
12.1 Capture, storage and utilization: an overview
12.2 CCS and CCU today
12.3 Towards Net-Zero
12.4 Energy requirements for fossil-fuel based electricity production
12.5 Takeaways: where is CCS best used?
12.6 References
Special focus on industry—transformation through technological innovation
13.1 Technology-based strategies
13.2 Cement
13.3 Pulp and paper
13.4 Chemicals
13.5 Heat demand
13.6 Takeaways
Assessing the costs of energy transition through electrification
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Costs of electrifying Canada’s primary energy supply
14.3 Investments to reach carbon-neutrality
14.4 Macroeconomic aspects of an energy transition
14.5 Conclusions
14.6 References
Conclusion—the challenges of transforming Canada’s energy system toward net-zero
15.1 The potential to reach net-zero by 2050
15.2 Learnings from modelling Canada’s transformation
15.3 Reconciling discourse and reality: a shared responsibility
15.4 References
Appendices
A. Main modelling hypotheses
B. Additional policy detail
C. Oil and gas alternative scenarios
D. Methodology used to assess the costs of energy transition through electrification
FR
Introduction
1.1 Updating the possible pathways
1.2 Objectives of this Outlook
1.3 Prospective scenarios to net-zero
1.4 Recent developments in Canada’s energy sector
1.5 Limitations of and omissions from this Outlook
1.6 Overview of the report
1.7 References
Energy production, transformation and trade
2.1 General characteristics
2.2 Fossil fuels
2.3 Uranium
2.4 Oil products
2.5 Electricity generation
2.6 Biomass
2.7 Energy trade
2.8 Variation across provinces
2.9 Takeaways
2.10 References
Energy use across Canada
3.1 Supply and consumption
3.2 Variation across provinces
3.3 Energy productivity
3.4 Takeaways
3.5 References
Energy and the economy in Canada
4.1 GDP, exports and employment
4.2 Research, development and demonstration (RD&D)
4.3 Household spending on energy services
4.4 Takeaways
4.5 References
Policy focus: accelerating the deployment of GHG reduction strategies
5.1 GHG emissions in Canada
5.2 Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
5.3 General overview of policies: targets and objectives
5.4 Federal policies
5.5 Policies in the highest GHG-emitting provinces
5.6 Policy overview in other provinces and in territories
5.7 Takeaways
5.8 References
The evolution of energy consumption toward net-zero futures
6.1 Energy demand by source
6.2 Energy demand by sector
6.3 Heating
6.4 Takeaways
Transforming energy production in net-zero pathways
7.1 Primary energy production
7.2 Local consumption and export markets
7.3 Electricity generation and installed capacity
7.4 Biomass
7.5 Takeaways
Evolution of GHG emissions in net-zero scenarios
8.1 What does net-zero look like?
8.2 Emissions by sector
8.3 The cost of reducing emissions
8.4 Takeaways
Key technological pathways to net-zero
9.1 The electrification of energy services
9.2 Bioenergy
9.3 Hydrogen
9.4 Carbon capture
9.5 Takeaways
Provincial overview
10.1 British Columbia
10.2 Alberta
10.3 Saskatchewan
10.4 Manitoba
10.5 Ontario
10.6 Quebec
10.7 New Brunswick
10.8 Nova Scotia
10.9 Prince Edward Island
10.10 Newfoundland and Labrador
10.11 Yukon
10.12 Northwest Territories
10.13 Nunavut
10.14 Takeaways
Reaching carbon neutrality—technological paths in other net-zero reports
11.1 Net-zero reports around the world
11.2 Technological pathways by sector
11.3 Energy production
11.4 Overarching net-zero technological challenges
11.5 Specific Canadian features highlighted in this Outlook
11.6 Takeaways
11.7 References
Using carbon capture in the right place—the potential role of CCS in energy production
12.1 Capture, storage and utilization: an overview
12.2 CCS and CCU today
12.3 Towards Net-Zero
12.4 Energy requirements for fossil-fuel based electricity production
12.5 Takeaways: where is CCS best used?
12.6 References
Special focus on industry—transformation through technological innovation
13.1 Technology-based strategies
13.2 Cement
13.3 Pulp and paper
13.4 Chemicals
13.5 Heat demand
13.6 Takeaways
Assessing the costs of energy transition through electrification
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Costs of electrifying Canada’s primary energy supply
14.3 Investments to reach carbon-neutrality
14.4 Macroeconomic aspects of an energy transition
14.5 Conclusions
14.6 References
Conclusion—the challenges of transforming Canada’s energy system toward net-zero
15.1 The potential to reach net-zero by 2050
15.2 Learnings from modelling Canada’s transformation
15.3 Reconciling discourse and reality: a shared responsibility
15.4 References
Appendices
A. Main modelling hypotheses
B. Additional policy detail
C. Oil and gas alternative scenarios
D. Methodology used to assess the costs of energy transition through electrification
Use the left-hand menu to navigate through appendices A to D or use the button below.
A. Main modelling hypotheses